The Role of Multimodal Communication in Cooperation Essay

The Role of Multimodal Communication in Cooperation - Essay Example The knowledge about the topics, beliefs, targets, nature etc must coincide for good results. These common grounds must be checked before the interaction. After that the interaction can expand the basis of linguistic and physical co presence. In expanding the scope of the communication, the media is capable of restraining the ease of attaining the common ground. The commonality in the methods is also affected in following the medium of communication. It is better to develop theoretical understanding of the attitudes of shared visual spaces. This improves grounding and also the performance regarding the topics of common belief. 1 After this the parameters that make difference in visual communication systems that are used for complex and collaborative researches were considered. By applying these features to real world settings, the pragmatic way of deploying these methods to attain more benefits for reasonable costs can be assessed. If this is successful, then creating of a technology that enables the accurate estimation of the focus attention in the settings can be determined. This is believed to be an important role the visual channel can play. There are some techniques available for analysis of effectiveness of multimodal interaction. The potential of psycholinguistic models were recognised to have this potential. Though they are recognised to have potential of analysing, there are some limitations. The techniques based on conversation analytic model of breakdown and repair can be termed as the rational approach for introducing a protocol for coding repair. The terms in this approach are computer mediated communication, evaluation and conversation analysis.     

Popular Culture Essay Essay Example for Free

Popular Culture Essay Essay Although there are some parts of popular culture that make it into high culture, popular culture is transient; it describes the way of life, attitudes, and passions of mostly younger people. These views usually change as they age and gain real life experience. This essay will cover culture, popular culture, three major trends in popular American culture and how popular American culture affects personal decision making. Culture is the united design of social understanding, faith, and conduct that hinges on the ability to search for knowledge and spread it to future generations. It is also the ordinary principles, collective customs, and measurable qualities of ethnic, religious, or a community. (Oxford English Dictionary, 2012) â€Å"The soul takes nothing with her to the next world but her education and her culture.† (Plato, 2012) Popular cultural is the understanding and actions of a particular set of people in a particular era. It is also television shows (like Reality TV) or marketable goods (like sagging pants, oversized shirts, hats designed to be worn backward, etc.) made for, or targeted at particular set of people. (Oxford English Dictionary, 2012) In this student’s opinion popular culture comes and goes and only defines an era not its people. Three major trends in today’s society are a digital society, sexual explicitness, and a general lack of personal responsibility. Americans live in a digital society that relies on technology more than personal relationships. We do a great deal of shopping and purchasing online and have become a society where the sexier it is the better. Almost everything on television, in magazines, and even our music have become permeated with sexual overtones and innuendos. Finally, we have a dilemma with the lack of personal responsibility in our country; recently there have been several lawsuits against fast food restaurants for making people fat. Americans need to accept responsibility for our own actions; it was not the fast food restaurants that made us fat, rather it was our decision to eat there that did. Popular American culture affects personal decision making various ways, whether it is the type of food we buy, the music we listen to, electronics we purchase, and even the people we date. In this student’s opinion the Internet is the single most influential popular culture influencer of our time. We use it for everything from dating, shopping, exploring, studying, traveling, relaxing, and so much more. Popular culture  affects us in almost every decision we make. Although there are some parts of popular culture that makes it into high culture, popular culture is transient. This essay covered culture, popular culture, three major trends in popular American culture and how popular American culture affects personal decision making. â€Å"Culture is made of everything that enables man to maintain, enhance or transform without weakening it, the ideal image of himself that it has inherited.† (Malraux, 2001) References Malraux, A. (2001, May 2). UCL Discours recteur Marcel Crochet. Retrieved from http://sites.uclouvain.be/actualites/dhc2001/drecteur.html Oxford English Dictionary. (2012, June). Retrieved from http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/view/Entry/45746?rskey=BftxmAresult=1isAdvanced=false#eid Plato. (2012, June 4). Here, There, and Everywhere. Retrieved from http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/here-there-and-everywhere/201206/whats-after-30-quotes-the-afterlife

Sales Employees Training Essay -- Train Job Work Sales Essays

Sales Employees Training ABC Broom Company in Bombay, India needs a training program created for its new salesmen. These salesmen are in their early 20’s and are high school graduates. These salesmen are not meeting their sales goals but would like to because of the financial bonus. These salesmen have no prior sales experience before entering the training program. Based on the feasibility analysis for the training, a plan consisting of lecture, group discussions, role playing, and a mentoring program will be implemented. It is best to use a combination of methods to deliver the training. Each method may help to enhance the other (Hannum & Hansen, 1989). The choice of instructional methods is dependent upon the type of learning objectives, the characteristics of learners, the instructional conditions, and the evidence of instructional effectiveness. A learning objective makes clear the intended learning outcome or product of instruction, rather than what form the instruction will take. Objectives focus on student performance. The types of learning outcomes that are expected are attitudinal learning, and intellectual learning (problem solving and application). The employees are from Bombay, India. India has a caste system which each employee is aware. The caste system has supposedly been demolished, but research has shown that it is still present within the culture. Trainees do not need to be briefed on the caste system. The employees were raised in India and are well aware of the differences between castes. Each trainee will bring to the training sessions their own prejudices, experiences, and learning styles. While each learning style cannot be taken into consideration, the trainers will attempt to teach to the mean (Sheppard, 1998). The Indian culture is unique in that an Indian person will attempt to learn everything about someone on the first visit (Matthew, 1996). This may be a potential problem for the salesmen. It is viewed as a process of establishing a relationship with the person to whom they are speaking. The salesmen may not be able to establish a relationship with the client in enough time as specified by the company to make a sale. This fact will be considered and discussed at the group seminars. The training program will begin with a lecture to present the information that the employees need to learn. This information will... ...of Instruction. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson. Erffmeyer, Robert c. & Johnson, Dale A. (1997). The future of sales training: making choices among six different education methods. The Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing. Vol. 12, Iss. 3/4, pp. 185. Harbour, Jerry L. (1998). Does the Trainee Know Best? Training and Development, June, Vol. 46, Iss. 6, pp. 66. Hannum, Wallace., & Hansen, Carol. (1989). Instructional Systems Development in Large Organizations. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Educational Technology Publications, Inc. Honey, Peter. (2003). How do you decide what methods to use when designing a training program? Training Journal, Jan, pp. 7. Mathew, Matt. (1996). A Tale of Two Cultures. StylusInc. www.stylusinc.com/business/india/cultural_tip1.htm. Ray, Julie A.(2004). Effective Teaching Strategies in Higher Education. Phi Kappa Phi Forum. Vol. 84, Iss. 4, pp. 58. Shepard, Clive. (1998). A process for selecting training methods. FastTrak consulting, www.fastack-consulting.co.uk. Sindell, Milo T. (2002). How to Make Smart Decisions About Training. Training and Development, Vol. 56, Iss. 4, pp. 86.

Terrorism: An External Shock of a Globalized Society Essay -- Globaliz

Terrorism: An External Shock of a Globalized Society For many, living in a globalized world has generated many benefits and welfare gains to their society, yet now it may be in jeopardy. Globalization is that phenomena where the world appears to be coming closer in terms of communication, services, trade, and culture. Examples of this includes the lowering of transaction costs in all these fields including the lowering of barriers to trade, reduced communication costs, (to an extent) the freer movement of people, and easier access to other countries' information. In economics, there has been a freer movement of goods, services, finance, and production between nation-states. In Europe, though on a regional scale, foreign and domestic policies are being harmonized among the member states. Thus it appears that the world has indeed been coming closer. However the events dealing with the World Trade Center have made many question whether globalization has stopped or is now in decline. Many have tried to even comprehend and question the caus es and motives of terrorism and its multiplier impacts that these terrorist acts have created. In light of this, is globalization viewed more at a discount? Many have been pessimistic, however, the events of September 11 and following may perhaps be a test to the world facing a common enemy and even make them become aware in looking at themselves as a citizen of the world, thus facilitating the increase of globalization. To begin, look at globalization mainly in light of its benefits and costs. Focusing at this idea more narrowed in terms of economics, the benefits include realizing the effects by practicing the theories of comparative advantage, and allowing greater efficiencies that produc... ...he New York terrorist attacks. It will be a long-term commitment as terrorism is complex in itself, yet humanity has progressed so far not to revert and steer into the opposite direction. Globalization pre-September 11 was never actually global, yet the world after this event may hope to aim in that direction. Works Cited Burns, Danny., and Robin Hambelton, Paul Hoggett. The Politics of Decentralization: Revitalizing Local Democracy. London: Macmillan, 1994. "Is it at risk? -Globalization." The Economist 2 Feb. 2002:65-66. "Pearl Warns That Globalization Facilitates Criminal Activities." US Department of State, International Information Programs: Washington File 13 Dec. 2000. < http://usinfo.state.gov/topical/pol/terror/00121300.htm > (27 Feb. 2002) "The Economy: 10 indicators." CNN Money. <http://money.cnn.com/news/economy/> (26 Mar. 2002)

Pros and cons of tourism in Windsor Essay

Introduction Tourism is the world’s largest industry and creator of jobs across national and regional economies. Researches show that in 2006 tourism will generate nearly 11. 7 % of GDP and 225 million jobs in the world-wide economy. Today, tourism is one of the largest industries in today’s world economy and is a great source of foreign exchange for many developing countries, whose major assets are their natural resources. At the same time, it is the environmental quality of a place that will determine the success of the tourism industry, since it is the main attraction for tourists. It is estimated that the number of global tourists will continue to rise over the next twenty years. The rate of growth will properly increase as people become wealthier and have more spare time. Tourism has been increasing significantly in the past years for many reasons such as: Air transport destinations have developed throughout the world, with more regional airports.   Airfares have become increasingly affordable People have more money to spend on holidays.   The growth of package tours to all parts of the world has made organizing holidays much easier. There is an increased awareness of a wider range of places because of holiday’s programs on television and travel reports in newspapers.   Many parts of the world have developed holiday destinations or special attractions because they organize that tourism is important to the local economy. As well as having larger incomes, a lot of people have more leisure time than in the past. Most fulltime employment in developed countries today includes paid holidays (normally around three weeks per year). In addition, the working week is shorter than it used to be, with many now enjoying a full weekend free from work. There are also increasing numbers of peoples working part-time (especially in retail businesses) or in self-employment who are able to enjoy even more leisure time if they choose to. Perhaps the most significant boost to tourism has been the development of low-cost, long-distance air travel. This allows previously distant locations to be reached in ever-shorter times. In 1934, for instance, a flight from London to Bangkok in Thailand took eight days and involved no fewer than sixteen stops in between! By 202 the same flight could be made directly in only ten hours. It is not only traveling time that has been reduced. As air craft have been designed to carry more and more passengers, the cost of air travel has also fallen dramatically. For instance, the 1934 flight from London to Bangkok carried just eleven passengers who each paid the modern equivalent pf almost i 8,000. By 2002, long-distance aircraft typically carried around 380 people and the cost of a London to Bangkok ticket on a scheduled airline was around i 600. Such dramatic changes have opened up new destinations to a wider cross-section of society. In addition, isolated locations are making them selves accessible by building airports in order to make money from tourism. With new super-airliners (capable of carrying 550 passengers) being developed, it seems that air travel will continue to speed the growth of global tourism. There have also been growing concerns that tourism can also have negative effects on LEDCs, especially on the environment and the way local people live. Concerns about the environment: Vegetation is cut down and wild animals are killed during the building of large holiday resorts.   Too much water is used in some areas. Each visitor can use up to 1800 liters of water a day.   Increased building changes the look of an area and places become urbanized, losing there natural beauty. Concerns about the local people:   Working conditions are often poor   Young people may be encouraged to move away from their families to work in tourism.   Wages in many sectors of the tourists industry are low, and local people may be exploited. It is estimated that the number of global tourists will continue to rise over the next 20 years. The rate of growth will probably increase as people become wealthier and have more spare time. Tourism has been increasing rapidly in the past years. The reasons for growth of global tourism are for many reasons which are: Air transport destinations have developed throughout the world, with more regional airports. Airfares have become increasingly affordable. People have more money to spend on holidays.   The growth of package tours to all parts of the world has made organizing holidays much easier.   There is an increase awareness of wider range of places because of holiday programs on television and travel reports in newspapers. Many parts of the world have developed holiday’s destinations or special attractions because they recognize that tourism is important to the local economy. This is a bar chart shows the number of tourism and the how much it increased from 2004 to 2005. We can see that every year there are millions of tourists visiting Europe, Asia, America, Africa, Middle East from all around the world. This is an advantage as it provides and creates millions of jobs in hotels, airports, supermarkets and money to the local people, this results in more money investment that benefits the country. This is called sustainable development which has an enormous benefit to the country. We can see through this table that tourism brings lots of money from millions of tourists. Tourism is increasing rapidly since 1990 to 2002. We can also see how much money these countries earn from tourism. This table shows that tourism has increased the most in the Middle East by 10% and America has decreased by 6. 5%. In this project I am going to be investigating the effects and benefits of tourism on the environment of Windsor and briefly viewing the attractions in Windsor and bring to light how important tourism is now in our modern society and what makes tourism so important. I am also going to be examining the advantages and disadvantages of tourism in Windsor castle. Many tourists from all around the world come to the UK to visit Windsor as it an official residence of The Queen and the largest occupied castle in the world. A Royal home and fortress for over 900 years, the Castle remains a working palace today I chose Windsor Castle as a place to study because it is a good location for my study as it is a honey pot with many people visiting every year because of its attractions. Windsor Castle is located in the city of London in Campden Hill Road. Within the Castle complex there are many additional attractions, including the Drawings Gallery, Queen Mary’s dolls’ house, and the fourteenth-century St. George’s Chapel, the burial place of ten sovereigns and setting for many Royal weddings. Visitors can walk around the State Apartments, extensive suites of rooms at the heart of the working palace. Visitors can also see the Semi State rooms, which are some of the most splendid interiors in the castle. They are furnished with treasures from the Royal Collection including paintings by Holbein, Rubens, Van Dyck and Lawrence, fine tapestries and porcelain, sculpture and armour. This is a brief map showing Windsor and Eton central station and other attractions This is a detailed map which shows Windsor Castle in the UK and its surroundings. It also shows car parks, roads, nearby towns and transport links. The twenty-nine circled numbers are numbers that represent attractions such as changing of the guard, Lego land Windsor and many more which are all listen below which tourist’s might want to visit. Hypothesis †I predict that tourism brings more benefit to Windsor than problems† Benefit:   Brings more money to the local people More jobs facilities. I assembled the flow of traffic into and out of Windsor Riverside station on the main road leading into Windsor called Thames Street because I wanted to see the volume and type of traffic coming into and leaving the town at different times, both at 10:49 am until 10:54 and again at 02:00 to 02:05 afternoon. The reason I did this so to ensure that my information is accurate. By recording the type of transport, I will be able to make some conclusions about the effects tourism on Windsor 10:49 to 11:49 At this point we can see that the number of cars and commercial vehicles are similar. This indicates that the more tourists there is the more work is available this tells us that the more there are Tourists the more Windsor Castle is benefiting. 02:00 to 03:00 This graph tells us that the amount of commercial vehicles that are leaving is more then those that are entering. 2. Site Evaluation I have evaluated four different positions in Windsor which are:   Outside Windsor StationOutside Windsor Castle By the River Thames indsor Central Station (new shopping Centre) For every different area listed above I have measured the amount of level noise, air quality natural vegetation, amount of litter and condition of pavements. When I gathered the information I am going to present the information in a bar chart, my scale is going to be out of four. One is excellent two is good three is satisfactory and four is unsatisfactory. The reason I have collected this information is to test the impact of tourism on the quality of environment in Windsor. I also choose four different areas of Windsor so that I can work out and average on Windsor environment. 3. Questionnaires When I visited Windsor I had two questionnaires which I have deigned, one that was designed for local residents and one for visitors. I randomly and informally questioned people that were going passed. The reason I did this was to obtain information and opinions from visitors and local residents. Local residents questionnaire TICK THE APPROPRIATE BOX Visit Work Why are you in Windsor? No Yes Is your job related to tourism? Pollutes the air in Windsor How does tourism affect you? Hard to shop or go out in the peak day House prices become expensive What are the negative effects of tourism? Traffic congestions increase ?Brings money to the local people What are the positive effects of tourism? Better services to the local people.   

Willis Carrier and the Invention of Air Conditioning

Willis Carrier and the Invention of Air Conditioning I fish only for edible fish, and hunt only for edible game, even in the laboratory, Willis Haviland Carrier once said about being practical. In 1902, only one year after Willis  Carrier graduated from Cornell University with a Masters in  Engineering,  his first air conditioning unit was in operation. This made one Brooklyn printing plant owner very happy. Fluctuations in heat and humidity in his plant kept causing the dimensions of his printing paper to alter and create misalignment of the colored inks. The new air conditioning machine created a stable environment and, as a result, aligned four-color printing became possible – all thanks to Carrier, a new employee at the Buffalo Forge Company who started working for a salary of only $10 a week. The â€Å"Apparatus for Treating Air† The â€Å"Apparatus for Treating Air† was the first of several patents awarded to Willis Carrier in 1906. Although he’s recognized as the â€Å"father of air conditioning,† the term â€Å"air conditioning† actually originated with textile engineer Stuart H. Cramer. Cramer used the phrase â€Å"air conditioning† in a 1906 patent claim he  filed for a device that added water vapor to the air in textile plants to condition the yarn. Carrier disclosed his basic Rational Psychrometric Formulae to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1911. The formula still stands today as the basis in all fundamental calculations for the air conditioning industry. Carrier said he received his â€Å"flash of genius† while he was waiting for a train on a foggy night. He was thinking about the problem of temperature and humidity control and by the time the train arrived, he said he had an understanding of the relationship between temperature, humidity and dew point. The Carrier Engineering Corporation Industries flourished with this new ability to control the temperature and humidity levels during and after production. Film, tobacco, processed meats, medical capsules, textiles and other products gained significant improvements as a result. Willis Carrier  and six other engineers formed the Carrier Engineering Corporation in 1915 with starting capital of $35,000. In 1995, sales topped $5 billion. The company was dedicated to improving air conditioning technology. The Centrifugal Refrigeration Machine Carrier patented the centrifugal refrigeration machine in 1921. This centrifugal chiller was the first practical method for  air conditioning large spaces. Previous refrigeration machines used reciprocating piston-driven compressors to pump refrigerant through the system, which was often toxic and flammable ammonia. Carrier designed a centrifugal compressor similar to the centrifugal turning blades of a water pump. The result was a safer and more efficient chiller. Consumer Comfort Cooling for human comfort rather than industrial need began in 1924 when three Carrier centrifugal chillers were installed in the J.L. Hudson Department Store in Detroit, Michigan. Shoppers flocked to the â€Å"air  conditioned† store. This boom in human cooling spread from department stores to the movie theaters, most notably the Rivoli Theater in New York whose summer film business skyrocketed when it heavily advertised cool comfort. Demand increased for smaller units and the Carrier Company obliged. Residential Air Conditioners Willis Carrier developed the first residential â€Å"Weathermaker† in 1928, an air conditioner for private home use. The Great Depression and  World War II slowed the non-industrial use of air conditioning, but consumer sales rebounded after the war. The rest is cool and comfortable history.

Email Lessons from Spanish.About.Com

Email Lessons from Spanish.About.Com Need a reminder to learn a little Spanish each day? Are you looking for some quick lessons, or a random sampling of what Spanish has to offer? If so, one of our email courses may be what youre looking for. Each of our email courses features useful information as well as links to lessons and/or vocabulary pages on the site. Heres what we offer: : This is our most popular email course. Each day you will receive a new vocabulary word along with its definition and an example of its usage in a sentence. Most of the vocabulary is at an intermediate or advanced level, although even beginners can benefit from seeing how these words are used in the sample sentences. Each daily installment also has links to a lesson on vocabulary or grammar. : If youre brand new to learning Spanish, this is the email course for you. We use mostly basic words, and we keep the sample sentences straightforward so that you can better see how the words are being used. Once you finish this course, youll be ready for the regular Word of the Day. : Just what its title implies, the mini-course features links to lessons in basic Spanish. By studying a few lessons each day, the beginning student will have a knowledge of the basic concepts of Spanish grammar as well as learn some of the most essential words of the language. : Each day you receive a Spanish proverb, saying or quotation along with its translation in English the following day. This series of mini-lessons lasts about six months.

Presidents report essays

Presidents report essays This paper will prove Richard M. Nixon wasnt such a bad president at all or at least better than some presidents. Richard Nixon was the thirty-seventh president of the United States and was the only president to resign from office. Nixon was a follower of Quakerism and he was president during the Vietnam War and when the astronauts landed on the moon. Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9, 1913, in, Yorba Linda, California. There he attended schools in Yorba Linda, and in nearby towns. Nixon attended Whittier College, a Quaker institution, from 1930 to 1934 where he became president of the student body and won many debating awards. In 1934 he graduated from Whittier College and won a scholarship from the Duke University School of Law. At Duke Nixon became president of the student law association. Nixon graduated from Duke in 1937, third in his class out of forty-four students. After Nixon graduated from Duke the Great Depression was still in place in the United States, there were few jobs. Nixon tried many times to get into law bureaus and firms but was not successful. He returned to Whittier and joined a Whittier Law firm. When he was twenty-six, he joined the Whittier College Board of Trustees. In 1942, Nixon served in the U.S. Navy during World War II. Richard M. Nixon was highly qualified for the presidency. Nixon was from the Republican Party. In 1946, Nixon ran for the U.S. House Representatives and won the election, after he was released from the Navy. In 1950, Nixon ran for U.S. Senator in California and won the election by over 700,000 votes. He was also Vice President to Dwight D. Eisenhower. However, Eisenhower never gave him any support, but he still won the election was put on the ballot by the Republican Party in the 1968 election. He and his running mate both promised that whoever won the election would handle the Vietnam War. His running mate was Hubert H. Humphrey, current vice president, lost the e...

Hollywoods Influence in the Middle East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hollywoods Influence in the Middle East - Essay Example Hollywood films in particular continue to remain a popular form of entertainment worldwide. Hollywood relies on best standards of production and animation techniques while dishing out the films. The fan-following of Hollywood stars spans far beyond the American boundaries. Middle East is certainly no exception. Though the region of Middle East has long been in the mainline media for all the wrong reasons, and at times, the acrimony towards West has found its place in an opposition towards Hollywood movies as well. But the fact that the craze for Hollywood never diminished, indicates towards the quality and Hollywood movies. At times film critics also accuse some of the latest films of depicting excessive violence in the films, thus affecting the tender minds of the film watchers. Some part of the Middle East in particular has had the misfortune of remaining under violence for the last couple of decades. Therefore, depiction of such violence on the screen invites the accusation of glorifying the violent methods. But it is equally true that filmmakers too want to 'sell' thei r products, and they'll try all legal means to market their movies in the best possible manner. Being contemporary in their depiction of the society is one such tried and tested method. Hollywood filmmakers are known to be obsessive researchers as well. They study a set of circumstances, situations and analyze the situation to arrive at some conclusion. At times this kind of inquisitive research leads to interesting findings as well. For example, Hollywood film director James Cameron stumbled upon the idea of making a film on a tomb found near Jerusalem in 1980 uncovered by Israeli construction workers. During the research, James Cameron came to the conclusion1 that the tomb actually belonged to Jesus and his family. This has generated a healthy debate amongst the historians and archeologists, and the final word is yet to come. Leon Trotsky (1973), a key figure in the famous Bolshevik revolution in Russia once said that cinema is a weapon, which cries out to be used (pp 32). This observation underlines the importance that films in general and Hollywood in the society. Though the Middle Eastern culture and society has not traditionally been as open as some of the Western nations, but the influence of western culture brought in by the films is quite perceptible. Be it the use of modern equipment, fancy cars, rugged bikes or the relationship amongst young people, the western influence is quite clear. Hollywood movies have certainly helped in shaping the attitude of the masses in general towards such things. Today we are living in an era of consumerism and globalization. Companies and organizations try their best to influence the buying behavior of the consumers. Globalization has resulted in bringing the world community closer to each other. This has resulted in some sort of uniformity in the marketing communi cation efforts as well. One of the major areas in marketing is consumer behavior. Middle East has traditionally been known as a potential market with most of the oil rich countries having good amount of money to spend on essential consumer items and other luxuries. Teams of marketing people from Western nations try out all avenues to reach the potential customer. Hollywood movies are one such very potent element in this marketing strategy. When the screen displays all the features of a product, the movie watchers tend to think about it, and as soon as they find it in the

Market Plan and Strategy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Market Plan and Strategy - Coursework Example Goal: The objective of this business is to reduce the fright or anxiety of individuals regarding their surgery or any sort of medical treatment by providing them personal, professional, friendly and confidential consultation. Customers see the services of different providers as similar and do not care about providers as compare to the price. The solution of this price competition is to create differentiation. â€Å"Medical tourism† will give its customers proper services they do not need to worry about their reports’ result as the company will not just guide them, but the company would also resolve their translation issue of reports. Company will set complementary product pricing. This strategy would allow the company to charge a high price for its complementary services. The basic services of â€Å"Medical Tourism† is to guide customers and make appointments with required or suitable physician. Additional price will be charged for translating and interpreting services (Rao, 2009). There are many questions of patients and their relatives regarding health. Therefore; there is an identified need for medical consulting firms. The consulting business would consult patients for surgical decisions or medical diagnosis. The promotion of services is a challenge in comparison to the products because people cannot touch or feel these services until they buy them (Lovelock, and Wirtz, 2011). Therefore, promotion will be done through the distribution of brochures at different places. For promotion, medical tourism would work with local businesses such as hospitals, doctors’ offices, churches, taxi-cab services and bus stations. Medical tourism would distribute its brochures to all places including homes boxes. Website of the company would provide all information related to the services and it will help in educating people. The most important promotion tool for such businesses is â€Å"word of mouth†. Company will hire experienced people who will give the complete

Statement of purpose Personal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Of purpose - Personal Statement Example This career path will allow me to combine my inclination towards the two subjects into a powerful personal and professional skill (Brown 24). The statistics program at Columbia is especially appealing to me because it is both challenging and inspiring. The learning environment is also perfect for me, particularly the diversity and academic achievements of the institution. Last year, I earned my undergraduate degree from the University of Miami. I majored in management but also undertook minors in finance, marketing, mathematics, accounting, and economics. However, being a very ambitious individual, I immediately set my minds on enhancing my academic and professional pedigree. As stated before, I am keen on working in the business statistics field, but it is so competitive that an undergraduate degree alone will not propel me to the greater heights I aspire to. The graduate program in statistics will provide me with the technical and soft skills I require to succeed in business statistics. I believe that the program will prepare me for the rigors of business statistics and give me the motivation to inspire, innovate, and impact. Over the years, my work experience has paved the way for me to complete my undergraduate degree and pushed me to hunger for further studies. I have worked as a sales assistant at Jiangsu GPRO Group Company in Nanjing, where I participated in the company’s sales and marketing activities. I have also worked as an intern at Bank of China, New York, which is one of the largest and busiest banks in the US. Most recently, I worked in the sales division of Runton International Corporation, where I performed duties related to sales, administration, support, and marketing. These experiences taught me the value of hard work, diligence, planning, and skill development. However, the biggest lesson I learned was the value of education in career growth (Brown 24). I realized that all the senior managers I interacted with had advanced

Social Factors Missing In the Development of Will Hunting and His Essay

Social Factors Missing In the Development of Will Hunting and His Crisis of Identity - Essay Example This paper is aimed at identifying the social factors that are missing in the development of Will Hunting (Matt Damon), the primary character in the movie, and his crisis of identity. Storyline The movie revolves around Will Hunting who works as a janitor in the prestigious MIT. Will is a mathematical genius but trapped in a mind that is not aware of his capabilities and haunted by his past. He spends his life like any other guy in the neighbourhood working on an average construction job and picking up fights along with his neighbourhood friends. . He has numerous encounters with the law as other guys in the neighbourhood. He has an identity crisis and tries hard to adjust with crushing his genius and trying to mould his life with that of the society around him. The various social factors in his past have contributed to Will’s arrogant attitude. His genius is identified by a MIT professor who decides to polish and expose Will’s incredible genius to the world. In order t o do so, he bails him out of the police station on a condition that Will work at his talent and see a psychologist. The movie continues with how Will with the help of psychologist Sean Maguire (Robin Williams) overcomes his personal childhood experiences and discovers his true potential and genius. Social Factors There are various social factors that are missing in Will’s life which affect his development and leads to his identity crisis. Family Will growing up was an orphan and lived with his foster parents. The absence of his own family made an impact on Will and also family dynamics in the foster family was not an ideal one. Very soon he was left without a family. This experience contributed towards Will developing a negative attitude towards love and care. He believed that nobody would care or truly love him. He feared rejection and as a result of this he never had a consistent serious relationship as he used to get out of one before it could turn into a serious relations hip. Will also tried to fill in the void, created due to the absence of a family, with his friends. But most of his friends did not recognise or understand him except for his best friend Chuckie (Ben Affleck). Will blamed himself for all miss happenings in his life and was trying to accept his mediocre life. But even after trying hard, he could not accept his true identity and would make up an identity. This is best portrayed in the movie when he lies to Skylar (Minnie Driver) about his family saying he has big family with 12 brothers. The following conversation in the movie between Will and Skylar is where Will lies to overcome his identity crisis: Skylar: Do you have lots of brothers and sisters? Will: I'm Irish Catholic, what do you think? Skylar: But how many? Will: You wouldn't believe me if I told you. Skylar: Why? Go on, what, 5? 7? 8? How many? Will: I have 12 big brothers (Damon & Driver) Abusive Childhood Will was abused by his drunken foster father during his childhood. I t was an unstable neighbourhood that Will grew up in and to add to it he had an abusive foster father. Due to this, Will had to face issues of abandonment and rejections. This made a serious impact on Will. As a reaction to his troubled childhood, Will indulged in numerous illegal activities such as burglary, assault, violence, etc. Also he distanced himself from his family and spent most of his time reading books in the library. This hindered his development and only communication that he had was with his friends. Following is an excerpt from the movie where Will describes his childhood: What do you wanna know? That I don't have 12 brothers? That I'm a fuckin' orphan? You don't wanna hear that... no, you don't wanna hea

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

Business law - Essay Example A commodity maybe manufactured in one state, transported by a transport company from another state to a buyer in a totally different state. The code as it is deals with personal and movable property and real property which is always static like homes. This is the more reason the code applies to the case of Jack and Joseph. The TV sets are movable personal property which has actually been shipped from one state to the other. The facts of this case are in the disagreement on the terms of contract as well as the condition of the goods. The goods arrive with an increased price contrary to the initial agreement although there was an initial notification of 10 days to which no response of acceptance or rejection was offered. Further, the buyer rejects the second consignment due to deformations and notifies the seller as soon as possible. The UCC has provisions for rejection of goods and outlines the circumstances under which the buyer might reject the goods. It further explains the method or procedure for rejecting the goods and the consideration that the seller should be given. These provisions include the buyer being able to reject any good or part of a delivery which does not conform to the contract. The rejection must be made more affirmatively and should not be thought to be implied. This should be done by notifying the seller within a reasonable time. Rejection should be done by providing a reasonable defect ascertainable by inspection. The seller should also be given time to cure the defect in which case he must offer to cure the defect. If the seller is not informed of the defect then it might be assumed the defect could be curable had he been notified in time (Klocek v. Gateway, . 2000). In this case, though the seller will argue that he informed the buyer of the changes in price before shipment, the notification on increase in price was by letter and so the buyer could

Social Factors Missing In the Development of Will Hunting and His Essay

Social Factors Missing In the Development of Will Hunting and His Crisis of Identity - Essay Example This paper is aimed at identifying the social factors that are missing in the development of Will Hunting (Matt Damon), the primary character in the movie, and his crisis of identity. Storyline The movie revolves around Will Hunting who works as a janitor in the prestigious MIT. Will is a mathematical genius but trapped in a mind that is not aware of his capabilities and haunted by his past. He spends his life like any other guy in the neighbourhood working on an average construction job and picking up fights along with his neighbourhood friends. . He has numerous encounters with the law as other guys in the neighbourhood. He has an identity crisis and tries hard to adjust with crushing his genius and trying to mould his life with that of the society around him. The various social factors in his past have contributed to Will’s arrogant attitude. His genius is identified by a MIT professor who decides to polish and expose Will’s incredible genius to the world. In order t o do so, he bails him out of the police station on a condition that Will work at his talent and see a psychologist. The movie continues with how Will with the help of psychologist Sean Maguire (Robin Williams) overcomes his personal childhood experiences and discovers his true potential and genius. Social Factors There are various social factors that are missing in Will’s life which affect his development and leads to his identity crisis. Family Will growing up was an orphan and lived with his foster parents. The absence of his own family made an impact on Will and also family dynamics in the foster family was not an ideal one. Very soon he was left without a family. This experience contributed towards Will developing a negative attitude towards love and care. He believed that nobody would care or truly love him. He feared rejection and as a result of this he never had a consistent serious relationship as he used to get out of one before it could turn into a serious relations hip. Will also tried to fill in the void, created due to the absence of a family, with his friends. But most of his friends did not recognise or understand him except for his best friend Chuckie (Ben Affleck). Will blamed himself for all miss happenings in his life and was trying to accept his mediocre life. But even after trying hard, he could not accept his true identity and would make up an identity. This is best portrayed in the movie when he lies to Skylar (Minnie Driver) about his family saying he has big family with 12 brothers. The following conversation in the movie between Will and Skylar is where Will lies to overcome his identity crisis: Skylar: Do you have lots of brothers and sisters? Will: I'm Irish Catholic, what do you think? Skylar: But how many? Will: You wouldn't believe me if I told you. Skylar: Why? Go on, what, 5? 7? 8? How many? Will: I have 12 big brothers (Damon & Driver) Abusive Childhood Will was abused by his drunken foster father during his childhood. I t was an unstable neighbourhood that Will grew up in and to add to it he had an abusive foster father. Due to this, Will had to face issues of abandonment and rejections. This made a serious impact on Will. As a reaction to his troubled childhood, Will indulged in numerous illegal activities such as burglary, assault, violence, etc. Also he distanced himself from his family and spent most of his time reading books in the library. This hindered his development and only communication that he had was with his friends. Following is an excerpt from the movie where Will describes his childhood: What do you wanna know? That I don't have 12 brothers? That I'm a fuckin' orphan? You don't wanna hear that... no, you don't wanna hea

BlackBoard On Line Assignment #3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BlackBoard On Line #3 - Assignment Example In essence, the video is a pitch for new employees by Walmart. The company is selling itself to any potential employees out there, and showing the current ones that it still values them even when actively trying to recruit others. I was particularly impressed by the narrator’s discussion of Walmart’s culture and how new employees can grow in her company where all the right conditions are available for employee development. The video is trying to send a message that it is easy to grow at Walmart. This is a very good initiative that will surely have an impact, and Walmart should be commended for it. Page 324 of chapter 11 talks about the value of motivation. A majority of people hold a perception that only current employees should always be motivated by companies. This is a fallacy because potential employees also need to feel motivated enough to want to work for a firm. Job seekers have to have reasons other than money for wanting to work for a particular company, and one of the biggest reasons should be motivation that is driven by factors other than money (work environment, culture, ethics, and growth). Page 342 of chapter 11 talks about personalizing motivation and the importance of applying motivation in different cultures around the world. This is because companies nowadays have employees from all over the globe, and their diverse cultures cannot be receptive to the same motivation techniques. Smart managers and firms know that they have to tweak and adapt their motivation approaches to suit everybody, regardless of their culture/background. Page 356 of chapter 12 talks about how to recruit employees from a diverse population, something that Walmart is trying to do in the discussed video. The company is basically selling itself to everyone, regardless of where you are from. Because its culture is conducive

Principles of Economics Essay Example for Free

Principles of Economics Essay Suggest how an economist would approach the problem of alcohol abuse. Economics is about scarcity and choice. It is assumed that all human beings are rational thinkers hence would always choose to consume products that would give them maximum satisfaction or utility. Mankiw (2011, p. 6) argues that rational people ‘systematically and purposefully do the best to achieve objectives given available opportunity.’ Given a choice among alternatives and with scarce resources, one would evaluate the benefits and costs of consuming an extra unit of a product and would only take a decision only if marginal benefit is greater than marginal cost. In this case, to solve the alcohol abuse problem, one has to consider marginal benefits and marginal costs derived from consuming an extra unit of alcohol and since excessive drinking has more costs than benefits, one would refrain from alcohol. The opportunity cost foregone by choosing to abuse alcohol is too high compared to satisfaction derived; money spent on alcohol can do many other things such as feeding the family, education for children, and investments among others. Besides, the person may have health problems thus adding to the costs. By considering all these factors, a rational person would refrain from alcohol abuse. Heyne (2000) acknowledges the role played by incentives in directing behavior. For him, rational people usually respond to incentives or are induced to act by them. Assuming alcohol abusers are rational, imposing taxes on alcohol substances would eliminate the problem. This would follow the law of demand which states that other things being constant, if the price of a good increase, the quantity demanded of the good decreases. Taxes have the effect of increasing alcohol prices and this would automatically mean that the abusers would desist from alcohol consumption or cut their consumption. Analyze how prescription drugs affect the demand and supply of other products  and services in this country. Prescription drugs are drugs prescribed by a medical officer to a patient and are regulated by legislation unlike the over-the-counter drugs which can be old to anyone. If a patient is under prescription drugs, he/she buys the drugs despite the price of the drugs. An increase or decrease in price of the drugs therefore has little or no effect on the quantity demanded by an individual (McCarthy Schafermeyer, 2007). The drugs are provided by the National Health Insurance and have no close substitutes. The increase in price of the drugs thus affects all the sectors of healthcare industry such as patients and private insurers. Due to increased costs, the private insurers are forced to increase the cost of their services in case they have to offer such drugs and this may lead to low demand for their services. The patients are also required to get medical prescriptions before obtaining the drugs thus the demand for the medicine may be low compared to over-the-counter drugs. Use of prescription drugs also has an effect on demand for other healthcare services such as hospitalization. The prescription drugs also affect supply of generic products as manufacturers have patents to supply the new drugs for some years. Formulate a reason why elasticity of demand is an important consideration when analyzing the impact of a shift in supply and why the elasticity of supply is an important consideration when analyzing the impact of shift in demand. The price elasticity of demanded which is percentage change in quantity demanded over percentage change in price shows consumers responsiveness to price changes. (McKenzie Lee, 2006). It is an important consideration when analyzing the impact of a shift in supply and in determining if the firm should raise or lower its price. The supply curve is upward sloping showing a positive relationship between price and quantity supplied other things held constant. However, in long-run, those factors do change causing a shift in supply curve. Such factors include; input prices, technology, expectations and number of sellers in the market. For example, an increase in input prices such as labor would lead to a decrease in supply thus shifting the supply curve to the left. This results in low output which is  not able to satisfy the market demand thus pushing the prices up. An increase in prices according to the law of demand would lead to a fall in demand leading to excess supply and consequently fall in prices until an equilibrium is reached (Mankiw, 2011). However, the fall in quantity demanded will be determined by elasticity of demand. If the product has inelastic demand, an increase in price as a result of shift in supply would have no effect on demand thus suppliers would get more revenue. If demand for the product is elastic, an increase in price would lead to a massive reduction in quantity demanded and consequently lowering of prices and revenue. Shifts in demand curve are caused by other factors that affect demand except price. These include; income, price of related goods, tastes and preferences, expectations and number of buyers (Mankiw, 2011). Elasticity of supply shows the producers’ responsiveness to changes in price and is important in evaluating the impact of a shift in demand. For example, an increase in income would lead to an increase in demand depending on the type of the good thereby shifting the demand curve to the right. If it is an inferior good, an increase in income would lead to decrease in demand shifting the curve to the left. In this case, the good is normal. A shift in demand curve to the right would lead to an increase in price and quantity supplied. However, this is determined by elasticity of supply. If the good is elastic, a small increase in price would lead to a large increase in quantity supplied. This would in effect lead to excess supply forcing the prices to fall thus inducing an increase in quantity demanded but if the supply is inelastic, an increase in price would lead to a small increase in quantity supplied not enough to offset costs hence fall in revenue. Provide two examples of increasing-cost industries in your state and propose why they would have a positively sloped supply curve. According to McEachern (2010) increasing-cost industries occur as a result of entry of new firms due to increase in demand. An increase in demand results in high production costs and the average long-run average cost curve of each firm to shift upwards. The market is competitive and thus new firms enter the industry to share in the abnormal profits made by existing firms. However, as new firms enter, they compete thereby pushing up the production costs leading to low  profit or some firms are forced out of the market. This depends on how far the market supply curve shifts to interact with demand curve. The industry would have a positively sloped supply curve as an indication of the increasing costs. Examples of increasing-cost industries are housing construction and mobile companies which bid up prices for labor and raw materials. Suggest how, under certain conditions, a perfectly competitive market is economically efficient. A perfectly competitive market cant innovate, because all products are homogeneous and cant take advantage of cooperation. But if you define efficiency in a particularly useless way and choose only one definition of economic efficiency as well then there are certain conditions under which a perfectly competitive market is economically efficient.

European Model Of Corporate Governance

European Model Of Corporate Governance Corporate governance comes into play in cases where the management of the organization has to be carried out by a manager or a group of managers who are not the owners of the organization. In essence, corporate governance is implemented by a business financers in order to monitor and regulate the organizations utilization of their investments (Becht, Chapelle Renneboog, 2000). In this case, the individuals hired to manage the business are paid employees and are responsible for the effective execution of the organizations processes. As a result of this arrangement, it is only natural for a separation to exist between the ownership of the organization and the management of the organization (Brickley, Coles Jarrell, 1997). While this may appear to be a simple concept, modern day business models have allowed corporate governance models to develop rapidly over the last few years and this has led to the development of differing corporate governance models. The implementation of these cor porate governance models generally varies in accordance with the region in which the organization is functioning and the nature of business of the organization. This paper will attempt to compare and contrast the Anglo-American model and the European Model of Corporate Governance. The paper will attempt to perform this comparison in order to ascertain which of the two models more accurately reflect emerging corporate trends. Furthermore, the discussion will make international comparisons based on a variety of different economies. Before moving on with the discussion, it is essential to come to terms with the role of the board of directors of the organization. The board of directors play a pivotal role in corporate governance models. This is because of the fact that they serve as the bridge between the stakeholders of the organization and the management team responsible for the organizations processes (Brickley, Coles Jarrell, 1997). The sensitivity of the role of the board of directors can be judged through the fact that an extensive degree of research has been performed on the functions and composition of the board of directors. Regardless of the corporate culture in the organization, the board of directors remains present as a critical connection between the organizations human capital and the organizations stakeholders. Another reason because of which the board of directors are given extensive relevance is the fact that almost all corporate governance models look towards the board of directors when it com es to the implementation of the corporate governance models (Becht, Chapelle Renneboog, 2000). The characteristics of the board of directors tend to vary with regard to the size of the organization, the region/regions in which the organization is functioning, the existence of the company as a listed or unlisted company and the industry/industries in which the organization is operating. A practical example of the implementation of the European model of corporate governance and the Anglo-American model of corporate governance can be observed in the case of the US and Europe respectively (Brickley, Coles Jarrell, 1997). In Europe, a small number of investors are capable of making pivotal investment decisions and these decisions are generally aligned with the interests of the selected investors responsible for the decisions. In comparison, the system generally followed and proffered in the US calls for the inclusion of multiple opinions and perspectives (Becht, Chapelle Renneboog, 2000). The corporate strategy that is developed and eventually implemented is not finalized until all the investors are and shareholders are in unanimous agreement. Managements role In the case of the Anglo-American countries, it is often considered that the Anglo-American system of corporate governance gives unquestioning support to the management (Becht, Chapelle Renneboog, 2000). This creates a scenario in which the management appears to have a role that is limited to the short run and does not encompass the long run. It can therefore be surmised that the management, in the case of the Anglo-American system of corporate governance, frequently communicates with the stakeholders. As a result, managers in the Anglo-American system of corporate governance try to implement strategies that will show outcomes within the span of a year or two (Brickley, Coles Jarrell, 1997). In comparison, when the management implements the European model of corporate governance, decisions are taken with outcomes expected around five years. In such cases, the shareholders generally hold more decision making authority than that which is given to the managers. Furthermore, controllin g and holding structures are significantly common in organizations making use of the European model of corporate governance. In such cases, the European model of corporate governance is also often referred to as the concentrated shareholder model because of the extensive authority that it gives to the shareholders. This concentration of ownership can often lead to the development of complications in cases where financial resources have to play their part (Becht, Chapelle Renneboog, 2000). The number of equity suppliers is generally deficient in the European model of corporate governance because of the concentration of ownership. Another characteristic of the European model of corporate governance that merits highlighting at this point is that which pertains to the role of the capital market. The capital market holds importance for corporate governance on account of the fact that the developments in the capital market have a direct influence on the corporate controls of the organization (Brickley, Coles Jarrell, 1997). While the Anglo-American model of corporate governance relies heavily on the capital market and seeks to takeover threats in the capital market, the European model of corporate governance gives primary relevance to the stakeholders. Internal Differences Labour motivation is a critically important factor when it comes to the organizations performance. Since labour in the European model of corporate governance is always a part of the decision making process, it is generally more motivated than the labour force in the Anglo-American model of corporate governance. Since the labour is relatively highly motivated, they choose to contribute to the organizations development aggressively (Brickley, Coles Jarrell, 1997). This active participation on the labours part tends to place a limitation on the degree to which the supervisory board can exercise authority (Hanson Song, 2000). Influences of the labours active participation can generally be seen in the development of the organizations human resource management policies. The realist theory of codetermination understands co-determination as labour representation. Labour as the most important stakeholder group besides the shareholders should be represented and have a right to participate in the decision making on the level of the second board, i.e. the advisory board in the two-tier-board system (Hanson Song, 2000). Co-determination as representation does not aim at consent about all matters of corporate governance. It is rather geared towards the right to participate and to be included and heard in corporate governance for the sake of workers recognition as well as for the sake of other stakeholders of the firm because workers participation in decision-making enhances the quality of board decisions. If the shareholders prevent the shirking of the employees of the firm according to the theory of the firm introduced by Alchian and Demsetz (1996), codetermination by labour results analogously in the prevention of shirking by shareholders and managers th at causes damage to labour as shirking by employees causes damage to the shareholders. If the shareholders and/or managers do not perform optimally labour will prevent them from shirking, from not making their contractual contributions to the firm. Industrial relations are traditionally better in continental Europe than in the USA which leads to higher work place satisfaction and higher identification with the firm (Becht, Chapelle Renneboog, 2000). These, in turn, cause higher productivity rates. In the last two decades since 1988, the process of the globalization of capital markets seemed to support the shareholder principle, not the participation principle. In the context of globalization As globalization continues to influence the development of the global economy, corporate governance also becomes subjected to standardization based on the successful implementation of strategies by management teams around the world (Hanson Song, 2000). The case of General Motors and Ford presents an excellent example in this regard. General Motors and Ford have produced in Germany in huge production sites for over seventy years and did not find it unprofitable to adjust to codetermination legislation which is about 35 years old in 2008. In the European institutional setting, there is a greater complexity on the second board level that causes certain additional costs. There is, however, also the gain of additional information about the firm and of greater labour alignment with the aims of the firm as a result of labour representation in corporate governance on the level of the second board level. The participation or co-determination principle can increase corporate performance if it is understood as a principle of representation and not as a consensus principle and if it is instituted together with the control principle of hostile takeovers (Hanson Song, 2000). Codetermination as representation of the employees on the board increases the learning capacity of the organization and also fulfils a pacification function in conflict situations within the enterprise as long as the majority vote of the shareholders or owners is safeguarded. The synthesis between the Anglo-American principle of the capital market as the market for corporate control and the German principle of co-determination as employee representation in corporate governance on the second board level is possible, even under conditions of globalization (Becht, Chapelle Renneboog, 2000). The point to which the two systems of corporate governance, the USA and the Continental European, converge to is the strengthening of capital market control of management in Europe and the strengthening of labour repr esentation in corporate governance in the USA. The purpose of the firm Another difference between the Anglo-American and the Continental European theories of corporate governance concerns the idea of the purpose of the firm (Lipton Lorsch, 1992). The purpose of an institutional part or subsystem of a society is the major resource from which ethical analysis and decision-making draws from since the purpose of action is the most important and defining feature of an action. The purpose of any human action is the major criterion for the ethical assessment of an action or institution (Becht, Chapelle Renneboog, 2000). The reason is that the purpose or aim of an action or institution is the central cause of an action or institution and, therefore, the central criterion for its success and value in economic, cultural and ethical respect. Ethics gives the conditions under which value creation must take place as constraining and as enabling conditions (Hanson Song, 2000). Value creation can take place under the neglect of the personal right of the person or of human dignity if the market conditions cause such groups of individuals to have a weak competitive position. If there is an over-supply of labour its competitive position is weak. The law might have to protect human dignity against exploitation and abuse when competition in the market does not preserve the human rights of the market participants (Becht, Chapelle Renneboog, 2000). Situations of prisoners dilemma in which it is advantageous for the individual to behave opportunistically require the affirmation of ethical and legal rules independent of the utility calculus of the acting individual. Loyalty to contracts e.g. is a principle that cannot be derived from individual utility maximization for each act but must be asserted by the individual on its own meri t for ethical reasons (Thompson Wright, 1995). It can only be justified by rule utilitarianism for the general rule and not by act utilitarianism for each single act. This implies that one has the duty to be loyal to a contract even if a more advantageous contract is available instead. The non-conditional hyper-norm of the economy must be distinguished from the second order positive norms of the institutional setting of business. Some of these positive norms are sometimes suggested to be ethical or normal rules of the first order although they are in fact norms or virtues of economic organization that imply some degree of freedom of specification although their organization touches on ethical virtues, or norms of the second order. The European model of the firm emphasizes that the firm is a multi-purpose institution in which shareholder value plays the central but not the only role (Becht RÃ ¶ell, 1999). The Anglo-American model of the firm emphasizes shareholder value as the onl y or last purpose of the firm to which the other (stakeholder) purposes are instrumental or, at least, functional. At this point, the development will go in the direction of the European model since it is more inclusive and interprets the stakeholders to be of more then instrumental value to the firm. The recent global recession has led to the development of a scenario in which it has become imperative for organizations to exercise corporate governance. It therefore comes as no surprise that the last few years have seen a significant increase in the volume of literature on corporate governance. Furthermore, the increasing trends in globalization and the rapid developments in international businesses have placed organizations in a position where it has become crucial for them to revisit their corporate governance methodologies (Becht RÃ ¶ell, 1999). These recent changes in corporate governance, and the processes of globalization that have induced them, are obviously of historic proportion, radically altering as they have economic, political and social structures. The stakes in these reforms are high and they may be literally life and death for the most vulnerable organizations. Conclusion In the literature of corporate governance, there has been an on-going debate about whether financial or banking models are more effective. As noted above, it is currently being argued that the key to effectiveness does not depend upon whether a country adopts one or the other model, but whether it has a well-functioning legal system which allows for the timely enforcement of contracts. If this position is correct, then the ability of developing countries to enforce a model of corporate governance may be ultimately tied to larger questions of democratic political reform a prospect which many critics feel is being undermined by the very forces of globalization promoting an Anglo American model of governance. An important question that the experience of developing countries raises but one which it was not possible to systematically investigate in this issue is whether individual countries acting alone will be able to effectively enforce an Anglo-American model of governance in a globa l economy. The above discussion attempted to present an in depth insight into the differences between the Anglo-American model of corporate governance and the European model of corporate governance. The discussion made it clear that the fundamental distinction between the two models lies in the fact that they are present in differing business contexts (Warner, Watts Wruck, 1988). These contexts are dictated by the shareholder identity, shareholder concentration, stock liquidity and interlocking ownership. It can be observed here that there is a difference between the two approaches in how they address the two issues of ownership and control. The strengthening of labour representation in the American firm can improve the firms ability to discover chances and weaknesses within the organization and to use this knowledge for increased performance. The strengthening of the market for corporate control through a more active capital market in Europe will improve the performance of management. Furthermore, globalization will move corporate governance in the direction of such a synthesis. It is likely that this model will radiate to the global market. The question of whether economies will converge towards a common corporate Anglo-American governance system, or sustain the present diversity of institutions is one of the key issues facing countries in Europe, the Asia Pacific and throughout the rest of the world (Malette Hogler, 1995). Lower economic growth and higher unemployment in Europe compared to the Anglo-American countries since the mid-1990s, undermined some of the confidence in Europes social model (though by 2005 Germany had returned to its former position as the worlds largest exporter). Despite the pressures towards adopting Anglo-Saxon modes of corporate governance, the divergences in both the policy and practice of corporate governance in Europe have thus far resisted any move towards European standards. However with greater market integration and the developing influence of Anglo-American institutional investors, it is possible the market will play a greater role. Yet debates on company law harmonization in the Eur opean Union have been held up by countries not wishing to see elements of their own systems of corporate governance disappear in the process. One explanation for this impasse is the institutional complementarily thesis which justifies the continuing diversity of systems, rejecting the one-best-way strategy adopted by the convergence thesis. Instead a plurality of models is assumed, each corresponding to local circumstances, supported by a cluster of social norms and regulation, enabling balanced economic development. It can also be argued that the Anglo-American models can serve as an effective method for breaking unhealthy state business relationships and imposing more discipline on domestic corporations (Yermack, 1996). The diversity of corporate models is valuable and is rooted in societal characteristics that together shape the competitiveness of the different models. Though shareholder value may be gaining ground due to the influence of Anglo-Saxon institutional investors, a stakeholder approach is closer to the reality of European social democracies, and the outcome of the confrontation between the two competing philosophies is highly uncertain. It is unlikely that imported Anglo-Saxon capital market related features of corporate governance will work well with Continental labor-related aspects of corporate governance as represented in supervisory boards. It is likely any such European compromise would be more unstable than existing systems. The attractiveness of the Anglo-American finance and governance institutions permeated with inequality and subject to recurrent severe market cycles and financial crisis is open to question as a model for universal applicability. Indeed the damaging consequen ces of the 2008 financial crisis will impact severely upon the world economy, and could well dislodge the faith that the market based governance system is the only rational and efficient one for the future. It is more likely that solutions will be found to pressing problems of equity, sustainability and innovation in a diversity of finance and governance systems, responsive to deeper and wider concerns than the self-interest of the executives who control corporations, financial institutions and hedge funds. The paper served to clarify that while the Anglo-American model of corporate governance seeks to implement external discipline methodologies. This entails the concentration of the organizations resources and attention towards elements such as proxy fights in the competitive landscape, handling liability management claims and the sustenance of management reputation. The Anglo-American model of corporate governance is somewhat aggressive and appears to be a model that continuously demands the organization to function as a challenger in the competitive landscape. In comparison, the European model of corporate governance seeks to make use of extensive alignment between the organizations stakeholders. The external methodologies brought into use by the European model of corporate governance tend to increase coordination and communication across the organization in an attempt to streamline the organizations functions in accordance with the organizations objectives. In addition, the European model of corporate governance also seeks to ensure that the organizations objectives are understood and that the management, stakeholders and board of directors are in mutual agreement on the objectives of the organization. The comparison of the two corporate governance models has served to reveal that the Anglo-American model of corporate governance is an aggressive corporate governance model and in order to exercise the Anglo-American model of corporate governance the organization needs to have a strong foundation (Wolfenzon, 1998). This is because of the fact that the Anglo-American model of corporate governance often requires the managers to make decisions that are in favour of their own perspectives and require over-investment. In this case, the managers do not seek the approval of external stakeholders and proceed with the implementation of their decisions. In this regard, the European model of corporate governance comes forth as the preferred corporate governance model. This is because of the fact that the European model of corporate governance gives the organization the margin of deciding on an orientation that is best suited for the competitive landscape in which the organization is functioning (Wolfenzon, 1998). While the Anglo American model of corporate governance demands that the organization plays aggressively continuously, the European model of corporate governance gives the organization the margin it needs to adapt to changing needs. As a result, the organization can choose to function passively and steadily when it chooses; and functions aggressively when it chooses. In essence, the increased communication and coordination between the strategic, operational and tactical elements of the organization allows the organization to ensure that it does not get exposed to any high-risk scenarios. The recommendation of the European model of corporate governance is based on the pretext that recent global economic trends have proved that it is feasible for organizations to adopt an organization that minimizes their exposure to risk. Managerial reputation and status cannot be given importance over the organizations sustained growth because most organizations that have been successful in the last few decades have chosen to follow their expansion strategies with consistency; regardless of the speed at which they grew. While some organizations chose to grow rapidly by intentionally engaging in high-risk investments, others chose to implement the European model of corporate governance by reducing their risk exposure. Organizations such as these proceeded by studying internal and external scenarios closely before finalizing and implementing a strategy. It is because of this reason that such organizations were able to minimize the degree to which they were impacted by the recent global recession. It can be observed that the European model of corporate governance requires the management to engage in a level of coordination that the Anglo-American model of corporate governance does not call for. As a result, the European model of corporate governance places the management in a position where every decision that materializes into action is of a nature such that is supports the organization and is not influenced by a desire to drive up managerial reputation and status. Another key reason because of which the European model of corporate governance is recommended over the Anglo-American model of corporate governance is because the European model of corporate governance satisfies the need for the generation of shareholder profitability. The Anglo-American model of corporate governance does not give primary relevance to shareholder profitability because the authority to make investment decisions is placed and limited in the hands of a few individuals. In comparison to this, the European model of corporate governance places the organization in a position where the generation of shareholder profitability enables the organization to attract more investors. In this regard, it would be just to bring the paper to a concluding note with the statement that the European model of corporate governance accurately reflects emerging corporate trends. The examples and elaborations presented in the above discussion make it clear that the European model of corporate go vernance responds far more adequately to modern day business needs than the Anglo-American model of corporate governance.

Essay examples --

George Teal Mrs. Brown Advanced 8th Language Arts 6 December 2013 Title There are three major examples of racial bigotry in our nations history: the treatment of African Americans, Japanese Americans, and Latin Americans. The constitution and bill of rights were expressly designed to benefit Caucasian males by owning slaves, but removing any rights that these slaves had. The population would be determined by "adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other persons," United States Bill of Rights. This effectively gave more power into the southern states, but limiting the rights of the slaves. After the the civil war this was changed in section two of the fourteenth amendment. Many of the freed slaves following the civil war also believed that they were entitled to the land they had worked their entire lives, or at least "forty acres and a mule" of property. This was never granted,but many freed slaves ended up buying and founding property afterwards. Despite all slaves being freed and gaining the rights of U.S. citizens, there was still bigotry long into the 20th century. This bigotry involved African American citizens not being allowed to fight in regular combat platoons in World War Two, and African Americans not being able to participate in the same schools, sports, and jobs as other Americans, and this continued until the civil rights movement in the 1960s. Racial bigotry is not confined to just bigotry against African Americans, but also against Japanese immigrants and German immigrants, for example in as early as the late 19th century, there were already many boycotts and protests for Japanese made goods. For exampl... ...d legitimately wanted to exterminate them, Hitler and the pre World War Two Nazi party used the jewish people as a scapegoat. By and large Germany believed it, and they did because Hitler capitalized on their hatred for for the allied nations and their resentment for their loss and economic ruin in World War One by claiming that the only reason they lost, was because of the jewish people. This was due to germany's mostly protestant religion, who at the time had a very high and mighty look on other religions, whilst the jewish germans often had influential places in banks and industry, making them all the more easier to blame. When the nazi power finally came to power in 1933, they began to deport Jewish germans to concentration camps and seize their properties, in what they called their  ¨final solution ¨. Even after the end of the war, the damage still lingered in  Essay examples -- George Teal Mrs. Brown Advanced 8th Language Arts 6 December 2013 Title There are three major examples of racial bigotry in our nations history: the treatment of African Americans, Japanese Americans, and Latin Americans. The constitution and bill of rights were expressly designed to benefit Caucasian males by owning slaves, but removing any rights that these slaves had. The population would be determined by "adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other persons," United States Bill of Rights. This effectively gave more power into the southern states, but limiting the rights of the slaves. After the the civil war this was changed in section two of the fourteenth amendment. Many of the freed slaves following the civil war also believed that they were entitled to the land they had worked their entire lives, or at least "forty acres and a mule" of property. This was never granted,but many freed slaves ended up buying and founding property afterwards. Despite all slaves being freed and gaining the rights of U.S. citizens, there was still bigotry long into the 20th century. This bigotry involved African American citizens not being allowed to fight in regular combat platoons in World War Two, and African Americans not being able to participate in the same schools, sports, and jobs as other Americans, and this continued until the civil rights movement in the 1960s. Racial bigotry is not confined to just bigotry against African Americans, but also against Japanese immigrants and German immigrants, for example in as early as the late 19th century, there were already many boycotts and protests for Japanese made goods. For exampl... ...d legitimately wanted to exterminate them, Hitler and the pre World War Two Nazi party used the jewish people as a scapegoat. By and large Germany believed it, and they did because Hitler capitalized on their hatred for for the allied nations and their resentment for their loss and economic ruin in World War One by claiming that the only reason they lost, was because of the jewish people. This was due to germany's mostly protestant religion, who at the time had a very high and mighty look on other religions, whilst the jewish germans often had influential places in banks and industry, making them all the more easier to blame. When the nazi power finally came to power in 1933, they began to deport Jewish germans to concentration camps and seize their properties, in what they called their  ¨final solution ¨. Even after the end of the war, the damage still lingered in 

Philistinism In England And America :: essays research papers

Comments on Matthew Arnold’s "Philistinism in England and America" In his essay, "Philistinism in England and America," Matthew Arnold examines the ancient ideas of Plato in the context of a twentieth century, capitalist society. As he agrees with almost all of what Plato had to say, he also admits that he is outdated, and that some of his teachings cannot be applied to us, living in an industrial superpower such as the United States. Still, though, Arnold defends the ancient philosopher. Education as a route to mental and physical righteousness is always a good idea, whether it is in modern America or Ancient Greece. I disagree with this, and it is here that I must contest the writings of Plato, as well as the essay by Arnold, for he is definitely a strong backer of the ancient ideals. In Plato’s mind, the value of an education is to clear one’s mind of impure thought, bring it to a higher lever than at the start, and attain a certain level of righteousness. This may have been a good idea 2300 years ago, but today, I see it as very limiting and impractical. In his time, only the rich aristocrats went to school. It’s purpose was not for the students to learn skills or ideas that would help them later in life, but to expand their minds, thus making them into ‘better people.’ There was no need for them to learn any job skills. Back then, if you came from a rich family, you were rich. Working at simple jobs was for the peasants and slaves. Today, life is different. Our society is completely unlike that of the ancient Greeks. We have no caste system limiting the wealth and prominence of any citizen, we have no slavery to handle all the manual labor, our army is proportionately smaller and much less honored, and religion is a part of one’s private life, not a dominating public force as it was to the Ancient Greeks. Most people today have a regular, day to day job, whether it be in an office, store, factory, or anywhere else. We have to earn our wealth by working, not inheritance. That is why most people go to school today. I am attending NYU so that I can get a job later in life. I study chemistry and engineering, in the hopes that I can become a chemical engineer.

Abigail Adams by Janet Whitney

Throughout our lives we have heard how women throughout history strived to become the best. We have heard stories about women going against society to gain equal rights and we have read about woman with extraordinary character that pursued the history of this world. One of these women is Abigail Adams, the only woman so far to be both wife and mother of a president. Sadly, however, â€Å"Abigail Adams† by Janet Whitney is far from being a biography of her life. Janet Whitney arranges her material in chronological presentation. She starts from how Abigail Adams and John Adams fell in love and got married. She continues on with the biography describing how John Adams came to presidency as Abigail Adams gave birth to his kids one by one. The author chose wisely to arrange her material in chronological order; it helped better understand that time period. Janet Whitney didn’t make any assumptions about the knowledge of the reader, therefore carefully describing each and every event during the life of Abigail and John Adams. The events were detailed and included many direct quotes from the diary of John Adams. Therefore, it was easier to visualize the majority of the important events during the American Revolution. In society (the modern world especially) more and more females are looking to research on historical female figures that had an impact on the world. Janet Whitney intended to write this book for the female population but failed to interest them in the midst of the biography. The title of the biography is enough to attract and spark an interest in the reader, but as the reader continues reading, he/she will be filled with nothing but questions and disappointment. Up until the middle of the biography, Abigail Adams is mentioned only when she becomes pregnant with John Adam’s babies. The rest of the first half of the biography is an in-depth illustration of John Adam’s accomplishments. Abigail Adams is mentioned as merely a sidekick to John Adam’s success and a great companion. She is described as the most intellectual woman John Adam’s has ever met. Throughout the book the author describes in great depth and detail about the history that took place during the time of John and Abigail Adams. She seems to have great knowledge on the American Revolution and describes many detailed descriptions about John Adams life. Although the author does describe the events leading up to the American Revolution, the author fails to depict the role of Abigail Adams in the lives of her husband and others. I believe that the author thinks of Abigail Adams as an unflattering topic, which is ironic because the author decided to write a biography about her. The author wrote the biography in a way that seems like John Adams is the highlight of the life of Abigail Adams and that Abigail Adams was a small influence in the road to presidency for John Adams. The opinions of the author are not directly states in the biography. But there are certain parts of the book that shows an indirect opinion of Abigail Adams. As quoted in the biography, the author writes, â€Å"She freely expresses her longing to see him†¦she freely expresses her reliability on him†¦and the extent to how much she needs him in her life. † (Whitney page 113). The author believes that Abigail Adams felt like she needed John Adams in her life because she relied on him so much. Nowhere in biography does the author cite specific evidence as to why and where Abigail would say this. This also highlights the statement I said previously, the author believes Abigail to be an unflattering topic. The quote above describes Abigail as a needy, un-intellectual woman. The majority of the information the author used were from letters and diaries and biographies of other important historical figures such as John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, and Thomas Hutchinson. Most of the biography was filled with quotes from first hand sources as the diary of Thomas Jefferson and letters written by John Adams. The quotes mostly described the setting of the time period rather than the important details. For example, it described the physical appearances of Abigail and John Adams and described the major and minor details of the houses and towns they lived in. The author did an excellent job at giving the reader a window into the time in which Abigail Adams lived. The historical documents used as a reference for the writing of this biography were constantly quotes to give us a visual as to what events were taking place. The author wrote pages describing a single certain event. Janet Whitney would not only quote from her first- hand sources, but she would describe and explain the quote as well to prevent any confusion. For example, Janet Whitney quotes in the biography, â€Å"The flame is kindled and like lightning it catches from soul to soul. Although the mind is shocked at the thought of shedding human blood, more especially the blood of our countrymen and a civil war is of all wars the most dreadful†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This creates a visual picture inside the reader’s head of how gory and gruesome the battles and fights were. Overall, I did not enjoy reading this biography. I was looking forward to learning about Abigail Adams and her influence on American history but as I read I was constantly disappointed. I didn’t realize that the whole book would be based on John Adam’s and how much of an effect he had on Abigail Adam’s life rather than how much of an effect Abigail Adam’s had in America. The biography was also written in an un-interesting way. It felt as if the author was just throwing information inside the text without putting effort into making it sound interesting. While reading the biography I would read over numerous mentioning of dates, times, cities, towns and names of random village men who are irrelevant to the life of Abigail Adam’s. This biography was a complete disappoint to its feminist audience. Throughout our lives we have always heard about how much of an extraordinary person Abigail Adam’s was but none of that is depicted in this biography. I look forward to reading an actual biography of Abigail Adam’s: a biography that doesn’t portray Abigail Adam’s as someone who’s constantly reliant on her husband.

Communication and Child

Maria Pearce EYMP5-1. 1, EYMP5-1. 2, EYMP5-1. 3, EYMP5-2. 1, EYMP5-2. 2, EYMP5-2. 3 EYMP5-1. 1 Explain each of the terms: * speech * language * communication * Speech, language and communication needs. English dictionary meanings. * Speech – something that is spoken; an utterance, remark, or declaration: * Language – communication by voice in the distinctively human manner, using arbitrary sounds in conventional ways with conventional meanings; speech. * Communication – the imparting or interchange of thoughts, opinions, or information by speech, writing, or signs. Speech, Language and Communication begins from birth simply engaging in eye contact and smiling is communication. Speech is started with noise and sounds. Language starts by a child listening so even from very young ages children learn and communicate with us. EYMP5-1. 2 Explain how speech, language and communication skills support each of the following areas in children's development: EYMP5-1. 3 Describe the potential impact of speech, language and communication difficulties on the overall development of a child, both currently and in the longer term. Speech, language and communication needs in children vary with each individual child. As practitioners we must constantly asses and contribute in all aspects of communication, speech and language. We must listen to the child and try to understand the things the child is trying to communicate to us. Helping children improve things like language can be fairly simple. By having patience we repeat the words often and praise the attempts and successes a child has. Asking the child to point something out or encourage saying words or sounds. By taking our hand and leading us to something the child needs or wants is a good way of helping communication and means we can say the thing they need encouragement is essential we do not want the child to feel silly or ashamed if they struggle with the correct word. Splitting some words into parts more easily said is a great way for children to make sounds into words. In my setting we had a child who said â€Å"basanya† for lasagne and although cute if encouraged to split the word â€Å"la† san† ya† in no time the child used the proper word. Another child would say pusion for cushion. We also found with younger children by using flash cards and books blocks or anything played with to say colours, numbers, and shapes or when out walking pointing out things around us and encouraging the child to repeat was a productive way to help with speech. However speech wasn’t always possible one of the children we had was deaf. He made loud sounds but couldn’t hear us speak the words. By using sign language we managed to communicate though we had little experience in that area and the child was very young so did not have a huge amount of sign himself. We would mine a lot of things like â€Å"drink† â€Å"food† â€Å"hello† many of the children caught on quickly and also mimed signs to him. It was a fantastic way to allow communication as each child interacted only with us but with all of the children. Enabling better communication between the children and taught them that it was normal to accept a child with a â€Å"disability†. By encouraging not only speech but other methods of communication we helped them socially to interact with each other in different ways, a simple wave hello allowed the child with hearing difficulties to feel part of the group and welcome. Emotional by showing praise and enjoyment. Behaviour teaching children how to act in many settings. As practioners we spend time with children getting to know them and communicate with them we can pick up on things we may be able to help with or advise parents of. Many parents work very long hours and have little time to converse with children. By chatting with children and speaking in a correct manner we help language skills every day. We do not use baby language we repeat words and encourage talking not only to ourselves but to each other. One child we had in our setting was very happy to chat with grownups and older children, however she refused to play with or listen to the younger ones. Even when being spoken to directly. The child would completely ignore the younger children. We spoke with her and helped her understand we must not ignore anyone when we are spoke to or communicated with. We encouraged her to converse with younger children we gave her responsibility helping them in small ways. This resulted in child playing and interacting with younger ones. This was fantastic for their social skills and behaviour. It taught the child who seemed to dislike younger children that ignoring anyone in life is not an option. We also seen her enjoy the responsibility and praise she was very proud of herself. If we feel that a child maybe finding speech or language more difficult than usual we would speak to parents and encourage them to try certain games and fun tasks in everyday life at home. We would communicate regularly with parents to see if things improve. Teaching parents little things that they maybe don’t do at home or haven’t tried at home can be great at rectifying any difficulties. Working with them to improve things we may have picked up on but parents haven’t wanted to see can sometime make the world of difference. If these things don’t help we can suggest referral to speech and language specialists or hearing specialist. We must work with other settings as well as parents to compare thoughts, information and experience. One of the best things we would attend was a library story time. It was fantastic it encouraged children to sit quietly and listen to stories. Then they would have a sing along to rhymes and songs with actions. Which encouraged language skills? If a child was new to this it took a few weeks to get involved but we always had parents asking where the child had learned a song they were singing at home. We would have sing along in the setting and encourage the words and actions so children knew some of the songs and gave them confidence to join in. If a child is having difficulties making themselves understood by language, speech or actions it can affect confidence and emotions. We want each child to be happy confident and understood. Eye to eye contact is a simple way to let the child know that you are listening or that you are taking the time to understand what they need from you. They learn that in our setting what they have to say is as important as any adult or other child. Each and every child is important and should feel that way. By communicating with carers we can have a much better and more positive effect on children’s development and learning. Knowing that a good relationship is essential and helps us as practitioners to see what areas we can help in and work on with children or what things carers ould continue and manage at home. This leads to a more productive learning journey for the child. A good relationship can also mean we are all comfortable communicating worries or problems. There are several development charts we can use for reference and information giving us a guide to where a child should be at certain ages. We use these to give us an idea of development if we fell a child is behind of ahead we can look at the information which helps us decide if a child may need some extra support. However we must only use these as a guide. We all know children develop as individuals and at varying rates. These charts can help us if we feel a little unsure and also if we need to have information to give parents. Also taken into account must be periods of settling in, or transition in home life. These can affect a child making them quiet or withdrawn and shy. We must make any decision to advise extra support once we get to know the child and observe activities we plan. EYMP5-3. 1 Demonstrate methods of providing support taking into account the: * age * specific needs * abilities * home language where this is different to that of setting * interests Of the children in own setting. By providing age related toys, activities and language we support individual children with specific support. The ability of a child also determines how we plan any activities. We must make the activity inclusive of all children. Being a small setting we find planning an activity to suit all children fairly easy and can adjust as we interact. For example a painting activity is explained and â€Å"signed† or mimed at same time so that every child is included and not taken to the side as though something is different or treat as an oddity. Some activities are avoided if we feel any child will be singled out. However we praise and encourage all children making them feel included and important. We ask parents what their child or children enjoy at home. If possible we try to bring a little of this into the setting to make children feel at home with us. It also gets children chatting and showing what they like. For instance one child adored snakes of all things. So we allowed him to bring along one of his pets as a sort of show and tell. Most of the children had never held a snake. We got him telling us all about snakes and what they eat. It gave this child so much confidence feeling he could teach us all something new. As we are a small setting and speak English it isn’t possible to teach and speak another language however we are happy to encourage a child with a different language to â€Å"help† teach us all words in their native language and do planned activities for other countries celebrations and festivals. Chinese new year Eid-ul-Fitr are just two of the festivals we incorporate into planning and learning. Communication and Child Introduction: The aim of this report is to identify the reasons why people communicate and the ways in which this can affect relationships. I will identify what we need to remember when we are trying to promote communication with others and the barriers that we may come across when doing this. I will endeavour to explain the extra support available for individual's who may have problems communicating and how coming from different backgrounds/cultures can affect how an individual communicates. I will also describe the ways in which we must treat confidential disclosures and how confidential information should be treated. 1. 1 IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENT REASONS PEOPLE COMMUNICATE People communicate to: Build relationships When a new child/parent enters our setting the first thing that will happen is some form of communication such as a smile or greeting the child/parent with hello. This is the foundation on which a child’s trust is based. If a child sees a good relationship between us and their parents this will make the transition period smoother. Share thoughts and ideas When children share thoughts and ideas they are being given the chance to express themselves freely. Children will have ideas and thoughts that they need to share by doing this they are able to grow in confidence and self-esteem, we should always listen to a child's ideas even if they are incorrect as this will encourage a child to share further ideas and thoughts. feedback and reflection encourages mental stim Gain and share information track development, diagnose problems early Express needs and feelings Gain reassurance and acknowledgement 1. EXPLAIN HOW COMMUNICATION AFFECTS RELATIONSHIPS IN THE WORK SETTING Communication affects relationships in the work setting in the following ways: – Sharing and Gaining Information By sharing and gaining information from parents/colleagues such as how the child is feeling, their likes and dislikes, what play interests the child has, we are much better equipped to bring the best out of the child. Effective commu nication is extremely important if the child has a medical condition or perhaps is attending a speech therapist. Knowing these things can help us with the child's development. Settling In It is important that we communicate well when a child is settling into a new environment as the child may feel anxious or nervous about the new setting as this may be the first time the child has left the parents. Good communication helps in building relationships, making it easier for the child to feel happy and secure in a new environment. Communicating and building a relationship with the parents allows them to trust and feel happy with us as practitioners enabling them to confidently leave the child in our care. – Supporting children's Play and Learning If we have good communication with a child they are able to benefit more from play and learning activities. It enables them to take part and understand activities. It also encourages better speech and vocabulary and gives them the confidence to express their thoughts and ideas, making them feel more relaxed and comfortable within the setting. – Transitions It is important to have good communication in periods of transition such as moving schools or childminders, as this makes it easier for the child to adjust and feel happy and comfortable in the new setting. For example having good communication and building relationships with each other allows information to be passed on effectively and efficiently making the transition easier for the child, parents and practitioner. 2. 2 DESCRIBE THE FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN PROMOTING EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION The factors to consider when promoting effective communication are: – Environment It is important that we think about the environment we are in when communicating with others. When we are communicating with adults or young children we may need to find somewhere quiet, a busy or noisy environment may be distracting, preventing information being passed / received accurately. A young child will be able to understand instructions, learn better and feel relaxed if the environment is quieter and calmer. With toddlers and younger children we may need to find an area which is familiar to their home setting, e. g. if the child likes playing with play dough we could arrange to sit with the child at this table. – Proximity, Orientation and Posture We should always consider distance when we are communicating with others. If we have a strong relationship with a child they will allow us to get closer as the child knows and trusts us and should not find this behaviour intimidating. We should also consider cultural differences when communicating with others as some sayings/gestures in our culture may differ to that of a person from a different culture. Our body's position is also important as if we stand in front of someone they may find this overpowering. But if we were to stand beside them and turn our body towards them this sends out a warm and friendly signal. Having good posture when communicating with others is also important as this gives out a clear message that you are listening and interested in what they are saying. – Listening Skills When we are communicating we should always show that we are ‘Actively Listening'. To Actively Listen we must think about what is being said and be aware of the body language. We should always give our full attention to the person speaking and listen to the tone of what they are saying. This is important when communicating with children as it promotes children's speech and helps when dealing with difficult situations. Time When we are communicating we need to give the person we are communicating with time to think about what we are saying. This is very important with young children so they understand what we are saying, or understand the instruction that has been given. Parents may also need time to understand or digest the information that has been past onto them. 3. 1 EXPLAIN HOW PEOPLE F ROM DIFFERENT BACKGROUNDS MAY USE AND/OR INTERPRET COMMUNICATION METHODS IN DIFFERENT WAYS. People from different backgrounds may use and/or interpret communication methods in the following ways: – Family Background Family background is important in communication as all families have different styles of communication. For example some children may come from a family that has more than one language, while other children may come from a family that is outgoing and noisy. Others may come from a family that is shy in nature. All of these will affect the way in which the child later communicates as an adult. – Personality Personalities can affect the way in which a child/adult communicates. With young children we can often see if their personality is outgoing even before their speech / language has developed. For example a child of a shyer nature will have a quieter personality, they may seem unenthusiastic in group discussions or with people they don't know as they find this uncomfortable. – Confidence and Self-esteem Confidence and self-esteem plays an important part in the way people communicate. For example a child who has been mocked when they have been reading in class may find public speaking as an adult difficult. Whereas a child who was praised for their reading is more likely to grow into an adult with more confidence in this area. – Literacy Literacy skills are acquired throughout life. Some people will have a higher level of literacy skills than others. For example some people may have learning difficulties or may have had to immigrate and have had to learn a completely new language. – ICT Knowledge Most people will have acquired some form of ICT Knowledge whether it be using internet, internet phones, emails, accessing photos, phone conversations, but we will not all have the same level of ICT knowledge. For example a person may not be able to read emails or follow written instructions well, so they are not as comfortable in this area as others. 3. 2 IDENTIFY BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION Some of the barriers we may face to effectively communicate are: Information – Sender may have language difficulties and find it hard to express themselves in oral or written forms. Encoding – Sender may have difficulty in choosing appropriate words/language or use an inappropriate style or tone. Transfer – Emails may not be received. Reception – Visual impairment may prevent a recipient from picking up facial expressions, gestures or anything that has been written down. Decoding – Recipient's relationship with the sender will influence the way that messages are decoded e. message from someone who is liked may be received differently than from a stranger. Feedback – Sender may not see feedback and realise that there are any difficulties with the way that they have communicated. Response – Sender may respond negatively as meaning of communication is not clear or style of communication is inappropriate. 3. 5 EXPLAIN HOW TO ACCESS EXTRA S UPPORT OR SERVICES TO ENABLE INDIVIDUALS TO COMMUNICATE EFFECTIVELY The ways in which we can access extra support or services to communicate effectively are: Transition and Interpreting Services We may need to use a Translator from time to time if a person cannot read/understand our language. For example this is useful if a parent wants to show us a letter that has been written in a different language. An Interpreter may also be used if someone has hearing or speech impairment this assists communication to be made with them. – Speech and Language Services Children's speech develops at different times and stages, every child is different. For example some young children may need the service of a Speech Therapist. We may need to seek support of these services to help us communicate effectively with the child by using visual aids such as pictures. This helps us to meet the child's individual needs. – Advocacy Children or young people who are in care may have had an advocate service such as Social Services. These services are used so the child can express their personal views, opinions and how they are feeling. It also ensures the best interests of the child are met and that their rights under the United Nations Convention are met. We have a duty to ensure this for each and every child. 4. 1 EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF THE TERM CONFIDENTIALITY The term Confidentiality means that we must not share or disclose personal information gained through work that we would not publicly know with others. As practitioner's we will receive confidential information on a daily basis, information we receive should be treated confidential unless there is a duty to pass the information on eg, in cases of child abuse or danger to a child's welfare. Confidential information that we may receive is personal details on a child's live such as address, phone number, date of birth ; health and development issues. Individual's have the right to keep this type of information private. P Tassoni et al (2010:15) states, â€Å"Confidentiality is about respecting other people's rights to privacy and keeping safe the information that they have provided. † A parent may pass on something they want kept confidential to protect their child from embarrassment. For example, a parent may disclose that their child has suddenly started wetting his/her pants and may ask you to keep an eye on the child and discretely change pants if necessary. This type of information should only be shared with others on a need to know basis. Breach of policies surrounding confidentiality are usually disciplinary offences which are treated seriously. . 2DESCRIBE WAYS TO MAINTAIN CONFIDENTIALITY IN DAY TO DAY COMMUNICATION A setting should have an office where parents can speak to members of staff about confidential matters. This information will be passed to staff on a need to know basis. Staff are told to think about what they are saying in front of â€Å"young ears† and other pare nts. Gossip should be avoided. All written paperwork/computer records kept on the children within the setting should be in an office area and kept under lock and key/passworded and the setting will have policies on who has access to this information. Should a child make a serious disclosure to a member of staff, about possible abuse/neglect, all staff will be fully trained in the settings Child Protection procedures and staff will know the reporting procedure in these circumstances. As part of their training, staff will know that any breach of confidentiality within the setting could result in a disciplinary action being taken against them and in serious cases may even result in dismissal. 4. 3DESCRIBE THE POTENTIAL TENSION BETWEEN MAINTAINING AN INDIVIDUAL’S CONFIDENTIALITY AND DISCLOSING CONCERNS There will be occasions that we need to disclose confidential information such as if we feel a child's welfare is at risk or if we think abuse is suspected or a crime has been committed. We are obliged to pass our concerns quickly, discretely and directly to our manager or an appropriate agency such as Social Services. By doing this we can still retain confidentiality within a setting as other members of staff or parents will not know the issues that have been raised. This also ensures that the rights of the child are met under the UNCRC (online www. unicef. org. k) Article 19 states â€Å"Children's rights to be protected from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation including sexual abuse by those looking after them. † All settings must be on the Data Protection Register and be registered with the Data Protection Commission. If confidentiality has been breached this can have serious consequences a nd can lead to dismissal, most settings will have their own polices and procedures. Conclusion: As we can see from the above, communication is a vital part of everyday life. Good communication skills assist us in nearly every situation we can find ourselves in. When communication is well managed, conflict can be avoided and respect and well-being of all parties improved. It is vital that we understand how to treat confidential information, when such information should be kept confidential and when and how it should be reported if we feel it necessary to safeguard and protect children. Bibliography: Tassoni P et al (2010), CHILDREN ; YOUNG PEOPLE'S WORKFORCE, Heineman, London, UK. UNCRC (Online), UN CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD, www. unicef. org. uk